Lec-2 Introduction to Global Positioning System

Lecture Series on Modern Surveying Techniques by Prof.SKGhosh, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee. For more details on NPTEL visit nptel.iitm.ac.in

Related : Buy Best Price Buy Best Price Buy Best Price Cheap Gadgets

Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering for the CGEA

Is Geotechnical Engineering the career for you? Watch this Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering produced by Hayward Baker for the California Geotechnical Engineers Association (CGEA).

See more : Civil บทความวิศวกรรมโยธา แนะนำจากสมาชิก 3D LCD TVs Shallow Foundation Bored pile Foundation

Lecture - 16 Introduction to Subsurface Exploration

Lecture Series on Engineering Geology by Prof. Debasis Roy, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT,Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit nptel.iitm.ac.in. Lecture Title Introduction to Subsurface Exploration and Intrusive Methods for Subsurface Exploration

More review : Best & Cheapest Netbook Cheap Computer Gifts Cheap Sex Toys Surround Speaker Systems Best & Cheapest iPhone 4 LED TV Cheap Deals

An Introduction to FIDIC

1. What is FIDIC:

FIDIC - stands for "Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs Conseils" means "Federal of International Consultant Engineers". Its headquarter is based in Geneva, Switzerland.

2. The Parties in a FIDIC Contract

* Contracting Authority/ Employer
* Contractor - Contract between Employer & Contractor under Red/ Yellow FIDIC
* Engineer - Contract between Employer & Engineer
* Engineer to administer FIDIC Contract on behalf of Employer

3. FIDIC Conditions of Contract-Types of Manuals

a. FIDIC "New Red Book": The Conditions of Contract for Construction:

"Which are recommended for building or engineering works designed by the Employer, or by his representative, the Engineer. Under the usual arrangements for this type of contract, the Contractor constructs the works in accordance with a design provided by the Employer. However, the works may include some elements of Contractor - designed, civil, mechanical, electrical and/or construction works"

b. FIDIC "New Yellow Book": Conditions of Contract for Plant Design - Build

"Which are recommended for the provision of electrical and mechanical plant, and for the design and execution of building or engineering works. Under the usual arrangements for this type of contract, the Contractor designs and produces, in accordance with the Employer's Requirements, plant and/or other works; which may include any combination of civil, mechanical, electrical and/or construction works".

c. FIDIC "New Silver Book": Conditions of Contract for EPC (Engineering, Procurement, Construction)/ Turnkey Projects

"Which may be suitable for the provision on a turnkey basis of a process or power plant or factory or similar facility, or of an infrastructure project or other type of development, where (i) a higher degree of certainty of firm price and time is required, and (ii) the Contractor takes total responsibility for the design and execution of the project, with little involvement of the Employer. Under the usual arrangements for turnkey projects, the Contractor carries out all engineering, procurement, and construction EPC: providing a fully equipped facility, ready for operation at the "turn of a key".

d. FIDIC "New Green Book" - the "Mini-Red Book":

Short Form of Contract. "Which is recommended for building or engineering works of relatively small capital value. Depending on the type of work and circumstances, this form may also be suitable for contracts of greater value, particularly for relatively simple or repetitive work or work of short duration. Under the usual arrangements for this type of contract the Contractor constructs the works in accordance with a design provided by the Employer or his representative (if any), but this form may also be suitable for a contract which includes, or wholly comprises, Contractor-designed civil, mechanical, electrical and/or construction works.

e. FIDIC "Pink Book" -Harmonised Conditions of Contract for Constructions

Issued after several Multilateral Development Banks (MDB) agreed certain modifications for some Clauses, for better reflecting their financing principles. Used for construction and engineering works, designed by the Employer (as in the Red Book) Allows the Bank to suspend payments to Borrower - Sub-Clauses 2.4, 14.7 and 16.1 Engineer's Authority may be unilaterally changed by the Employer - Sub-Clause 3.1 Modifications concerning selection and activity of DAB

f. Basic Principles and Selection of FIDIC Documents - New Red Book

Design primarily undertaken by Employer or his agent Works are to be re-measured Employer appoints Engineer to administer contract on his behalf Engineer has power to vary works, but not change contract DAB appointed within 28 days of commencement date and has powers to resolve any dispute and change "determinations" of Engineer

g. Basic Principles and Selection of FIDIC Documents - New Yellow Book

The Employer provides project requirements as defined under item "Employer's Requirements" (ER) The "ER" are the basis for the contractor to design and build the project. Errors within the "ER" are the liability of the Employer. The contract is for a fixed sum and not re-measured. The contract is administered on behalf of the Employer by the Engineer, Provision is made for variations by the Engineer. The general conditions (clauses 1 to 20), except clauses 5 & 12, are principally the same as red book.

h. Selection of FIDIC Documents - Risk Management

All contracts contain risks for both Contracting Authorities/ Employers and Contractors - There is no risk-free contract FIDIC attempts to rationalise and allocate responsibilities for main risks A key requirement is for the Contract Parties to fully understand the FIDIC General and Particular Conditions of Contract that set out their Responsibilities and Risks within a Project Every risk given to the other party has its cost, no Party assumes a risk for free.

4. Main differences from previous FIDIC editions

The Engineer is no longer to act impartially, but is acknowledged to be the representative of the Employer The Contractor is entitled to require the Employer to provide a proof of funds availability Disputes Adjudication Board (DAB)

Friends Link : Civil Engineering Gold Necklace Digital Cameras

Introduction to Reflexology

Introduction To Reflexology

Reflexology is one of the various forms of alternative medicine that is based on the massaging, squeezing or pushing precise areas of the feet and the palms. The intention of the massaging is to indirectly benefit other portions of the body and to improve overall health. Sometimes it also involves massaging the ears.

The Theory Of Reflexology

The underlying concept of reflexology there is a normal flow of energy in the body which at times get blocked leading to disease or "dis"-"ease", that specific areas on the soles of the feet correspond to certain other specific areas of the body and that when pressure is applied to these areas the flow of energy or life force is reestablished resulting in the removal of the dis-ease. For instance, pressure applied to the tips of the toes are supposed to be beneficial to the brain and other organs in the head. The application of pressure on the lobes of the ears are supposed to enhance memory.

The origins of this form of alternative therapy is lost in the ashes of time but mention of this type of healing is found in an illustration in an Egyptian tomb of a physician in Saqqara. Evidence of the practice of this can be found in the ancient writings of the civilizations of Asia, Africa, Europe and North America. The Chinese seem to have practiced it for well over 5,000 years with the early Taoists being credited with the practices of such forms of health practices.

Dr. William H. Fitzgerald a physician specializing in treatment of the diseases of the ear, nose and throat and Dr. Edwin Bowers first introduced this form of therapy in America in 1913. Later on, in the 1930s and the 40s, Eunice D. Ingham, a practicing nurse and physiotherapist further developed the techniques based on her experience. She also mapped the areas on the feet and the hands to the corresponding organs of the body.

How Does It Feel?
The general feeling that is felt by the people who have undergone this form of therapy is a sense of, not exactly numbness, but a sort of anesthetic effect on the body as a whole. Many have found the session to be relaxing. In rare cases only has discomfort or a ticklish feeling been attributed to the practice. If you do feel such a sensation, inform the practitioner immediately.

Who Needs Reflexology?
Reflexology seems to work for those who

· Have headaches due to tension,
· Are under stress,
· Have digestive disorders,
· Have pain in the back,
· Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) or other menstrual disorders,
· Arthritis and
· Hormonal imbalances etc.

Reflexology claims to improve blood circulation and induce relaxation, reduce pain and bring about an improvement in overall health. Reflexology seems to be effective in post-operative care. It is a form of a complementary therapy and can only be recommended as such, and cannot serve as a replacement to normal medical care.

How Is A Reflexology Session Like?
In general, a session of reflexology treatment lasts about three quarters to an hour long. The session typically begins with some questions on your overall health and the kind of lifestyle that you lead. You have then to remove your footwear, including your socks, and stretch yourself out comfortably in a reclining chair or, if necessary, on a massage table.

The practitioner then slowly applies pressure over your entire foot, gently massaging with his/her thumb to locate areas of tension. The same treatment is applied to the other foot also. Oil may be used but it is generally not advised. The application of pressure is gentle and is not meant to cause discomfort to the patient. If there is any discomfort, the fact should be made known to the reflexologist at once.

What Will The Feeling Be After?

If the therapy has been effective, then at the end of the session you should have a distinct sense of relaxation. The duration of this sense of relaxation differs from person to person.

Precautions
As in any other form of medication, reflexology also requires certain precautions to be taken. They include:

Not having a session of reflexology within an hour after a meal.
Exclusion of pregnant women, menstrual women and people with internal or external bleeding related problems.
Limitation of the duration of the session to ten minutes for patients suffering from heart related problems or who suffered from heart attacks.
Avoidance of a bath just after a reflexology session.

The claims of reflexology that it cures a disease does not have a scientific background, though the fact that there is a general feeling of wellness after a session of reflexology has been acknowledged. Reflexology should, at best, be used only as a complement to regular medical care and does not warrant its use as the one and only cure for any kind of illness.

See Also : Civil Engineer Diamond & Silver Jewelry Sterling Silver Jewelry by TSW Soil Boring

An Introduction to Polycarboxylates Concrete Admixtures

concrete Admixture is one ingredient of concrete that is added to the mix before or during mixing to modify concrete properties. Concrete admixture are used to modify the properties of fresh and hardened concrete in order to achieve the desired objectives or purpose of the concrete mixture. It is also used for economic purpose when admixture allows reduction of concrete ingredients proportions or permits saving in construction practices. Concrete admixtures have their history for hundred of years. The latest generation is polycarboxylates or polymer based admixture.

Polycarboxylates or polymer based concrete admixtures are High Range Water Reducing admixture (HRWR) or we can also say "Ultra" High Range Water Reducer. Used at low dosage, polycarboxylates admixtures still can reduce water as much as high dosage of conventional admixtures.Used at higher dosage, polycarboxylates admixtures can produce Self Compacting Concrete SCC (concrete with very high flowability but still with good cohesion). Because of their strong water reduction capacity, they are particularly designed for production of High Strength Concrete.Polycarboxylates HRWR mode of action is based on steric hindrance, this means particle separation due to long polymer molecules.

Polycarboxylates or polymer basedadmixtures like any newest generation admixtures are expensive products compared to traditional admixtures (Melamine, Naphtalene or lignosulfonates based) but their performances (even at low dosage rate) can allow cement reduction which could make the mix more cost effective.For lower grades of concrete (lower than 40 MPa on cylinder samples), conventional admixtures are still generally the best solution (especially economically). Use of Polycarboxylate admixturesin RMC (ready-mix-concrete) is normally less required than in Precast concrete because of generally lower concrete grades. This admixture type is very suitable for underwater anti-washout concrete.

Civil Engineering